翻譯的方法哪些屬于歸化(歸化策略和異化策略具體包含什么翻譯方法)
1.歸化策略和異化策略具體包含什么翻譯方法
歸化：是要把源語本土化，以目標(biāo)語或譯文讀者為歸宿，采取目標(biāo)語讀者所習(xí)慣的表達方式來傳達原文的內(nèi)容。
歸化翻譯要求譯者向目的語的讀者靠攏，譯者必須像本國作者那樣說話，原作者要想和讀者直接對話，譯作必須變成地道的本國語言。歸化翻譯有助于讀者更好地理解譯文，增強譯文的可讀性和欣賞性。
異化：是“譯者盡可能不去打擾作者，讓讀者向作者靠攏”。在翻譯上就是遷就外來文化的語言特點，吸納外語表達方式，要求譯者向作者靠攏，采取相應(yīng)于作者所使用的源語表達方式，來傳達原文的內(nèi)容，即以目的語文化為歸宿。
使用異化策略的目的在于考慮民族文化的差異性、保存和反映異域民族特征和語言風(fēng)格特色，為譯文讀者保留異國情調(diào)。作為兩種翻譯策略，歸化和異化是對立統(tǒng)一，相輔相成的，絕對的歸化和絕對的異化都是不存在的。
在廣告翻譯實踐中譯者應(yīng)根據(jù)具體的廣告語言特點、廣告的目的、源語和目的語語言特點、民族文化等恰當(dāng)運用兩種策略，已達到具體的、動態(tài)的統(tǒng)一。
2.請求專業(yè)人士幫忙：在英語中歸化翻譯法有哪幾種具體的方法
你好！
Foreignization: Transliteration, Literal Translation etc
domestication: Addition, Omission, Analogy, Annotation, Renaming
以上只是幾個例子。
翻譯方法有很多，簡單說，凡是向目標(biāo)語言靠近的方法技巧就屬于歸化。
保持原文風(fēng)格文化的就是異化。
如有疑問，請追問。
3.歸化翻譯法的介紹
歸化翻譯法旨在盡量減少譯文中的異國情調(diào)，為目的語讀者提供一種自然流暢的譯文。Venuti 認為，歸化法源于這一著名翻譯論說，“盡量不干擾讀者，請作者向讀者靠近”（Schleiermacher 1838/1963:47, 1838/1977:74; Venuti 1995:19-20）。
4.什么是歸化和異化
“歸化”，是指在翻譯過程中盡可能用本民族的方式去表現(xiàn)外來的作品；
“異化”則認為既然是翻譯，就得譯出外國的味兒，保持“原汁原味”。
歸化：
1. Love me, love my dog.
愛屋及烏。
2. a lion in the way
攔路虎
3. lick one's boots
拍馬屁
4. Diamond cuts diamond
棋逢對手
5. A flash in a pan
曇花一現(xiàn)
6. Have one foot in the grave
風(fēng)燭殘年
7. To grow like mushrooms
雨后春筍
8. One boy is a boy,two boys half a boy,three boys nobody.
一個和尚挑水吃，兩個和尚抬水吃，三個和尚沒水吃。
9. Of all the gin joints in all the towns in all the world, she walks out of mine.
弱水三千，終究我已不是她那瓢中的一壺水了
10. High buildings and large mansions are springing up like mushrooms in Beijing.
在北京，高樓大廈猶如雨后春筍般地涌現(xiàn)。
異化：
1. a castle in the air
空中樓閣
2. A rolling stone gathers no moss.
滾石不生苔
3. Blood is thicker than water.
血濃于水
4. 打破鐵飯碗
to break the “iron rice bowl"
5. armed to teeth
武裝到牙齒
6. an eye for an eye,a tooth for a tooth
以眼還眼，以牙還牙
7. all roads lead to Rome
條條道路通羅馬
8. show ones cards
攤牌
9. paper tiger
紙老虎
10. to weep crocodile's tear
流鱷魚眼淚
5.歸化翻譯法的簡介
然而，對Venuti來說，歸化法帶有貶義，因為歸化法實際上體現(xiàn)了主導(dǎo)文化社會中常見的政策，即“盲目自大地使用單語，把外來文化拒于門外”。他還認為，主導(dǎo)文化社會“習(xí)慣于接受通順易懂的譯文，把外國文本中的價值觀隱匿在本國的價值觀之中，令讀者面對他國文化時，還在自我陶醉地欣賞自己的文化”（1995:15）。這里的“隱匿”是一個重要的概念，因為它說明了譯者在翻譯中的角色。在以歸化法作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)翻譯法的文化社會中，正是譯者的“隱匿性”使譯文自然而然地歸化于目的語文化而不被讀者發(fā)覺（1995:16-17）。
6.歸化翻譯法的分析
Venuti指出，歸化翻譯法是英美文化社會中占主導(dǎo)地位的翻譯策略。
這種策略與該文化社會和其他文化社會的非對稱文學(xué)關(guān)系相一致。由于歸化翻譯法流行于英美文化社會諸多領(lǐng)域，因此有必要有意識地選擇其他翻譯策略，以挑戰(zhàn)其統(tǒng)治地位。
以下分析一個歸化翻譯的例子。6. A well-known scientist (some say it was Bertrand Russell) once gave a public lecture on astronomy. He described how the earth orbits around the sun and how the sun, in turn, orbits around the center of a vast collection of stars called our galaxy. At the end of the lecture, a little old lady at the back of the room got up and said: “What you have told us is rubbish. The world is really a flat plate supported on the back of a giant tortoise. The scientist gave a superior smile before replying, ”What is the tortoise standing on?“ ”You're very clever, young man, very clever,“ said the old lady. ”But it's turtles all the way down!“(From Hawking, S.W. 1988. A Brief History of Time from the Big Bang to Black Holes. London and Auckland: Bantam Press. （從希臘譯本回譯） Alice in Wonderland was once giving a lecture about astronomy. She said that the earth is a spherical planet in the solar system which orbits around its center the sun, and that the sun is a star which in turn orbits around the center of the star system which we call the Galaxy. At the end of the lecture the Queen looked at her angrily and disapprovingly. “what you say is nonsense. The earth is just a giant playing card, so it's flat like all playing card,” she said, and turned triumphantly to the members of her retinue, who seemed clearly satisfied by her explanation. Alice smiled a superior smile, “and what is this playing card supported on?” she asked with irony. The Queen did not seem put out, “You are clever, very clever,” she replied, “so let me tell you, young lady, that this playing card is supported on another, and the other on another other, and the other other on another other other…” She topped, out of breath, “The Universe is nothing but a great big pack of cards,” she shrieked.析：原文是霍金（S.W. Hawking）的《時間簡史》，屬于科普著作，閱讀對象為有一定文化程度的讀者。
其文本類型和讀者類型決定了其語言特點是樸實明了，不帶太多的修飾成分。譯文（希臘語）的目的讀者顯然是少年兒童，譯者根據(jù)目的語的文化背景，采用了歸化翻譯法，對譯文進行了特殊的處理：（1）采用了形象替代法，套用了少年兒童熟悉的“Alice in Wonderland”（《愛麗絲游記》）故事中的人物來講原文中的故事。
愛麗絲（Alice）是一個充滿好奇心、求知欲強、愛思考的女孩子，譯者用她來代替原文中的科學(xué)家，對于少年兒童來說更加有吸引力。《愛麗絲游記》中有一段是講愛麗絲與一個撲克王國的故事，而這個王國中最主要的人物就是皇后。
愛麗絲常與皇后發(fā)生爭論，而皇后的形象與原文中的老婦人（the old lady）十分相似，就是趾高氣揚，固執(zhí)己見。因此，譯者用皇后（the Queen）代替原文中的老婦人（the old lady）；用撲克（playing card）代替烏龜（tortoise），整個故事里面的喻體變了，但是喻義沒有變。
7.求翻譯策略,歸化異化英文定義,
The Definition of Domestication and Foreignization Lawrence Venuti,a famous American translator,he was the first persom to introduced domestication and foreignization in his book The Translator's Invisibility:A History of Translation.He said“foreignization is an approach that the translator leaves the author in peace,as much as possible,and moves the reader towards him”while domestication is one that the translator "leaves the reader in peace,as much as possible,and moves the author towards him"(Venuti,2004:19-20)By developing these two terms Venuti meant to argue against the tendency of the transparent translation and invisibility of the translator.In his opinion,domestication is a derogative term.On the basis of Venuti's theory,Schuttleworth and Cowie in their book" Dictionary of Translation Studies"define the term of domestication in this way:“A term used by Venuti(1995)to describe the translation strategy in which a transparent,fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for TL readers。
it is identified with a policy common in dominant cultures which are 'aggressively monolingual,unreceptive to the foreign',and which he describes as being ' accustomed to fluent translations that invisibly inscribe foreign text with[target language] values and provide readers with narcissistic experience of recognizing their own culture in a cultural other'.(Schuttleworth& Cowie,2004:43-44) Foreignizing translation in which a TT is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original."(Schuttleworth&Cowie,2004:59) Venuti regarded foreignizing translation as a challenge towards domestication and the function is to "register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text,sending the reader abroad."(Venuti,2004:20) In translation, domestication means removing all strangeness and foreignness of the source text and making the translation read like the original. Domestication is oriented towards the target language. Foreignization is the opposite approach and by applying this method the foreignness of the source language will be kept to the greatest possible extent and the translation will certainly read like a translation.。
